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In Italy, health care budget ceilings are not effective. The poor control by the central government results in excessive use of expensive inputs, in long waiting lines for medical procedures, and in the emergence of large arrears to suppliers and commercial banks. To fully gain the benefits of its decentralized structure, Italy needs to clarify the rules of the game and strengthen controls on local health authorities. Full fiscal responsibility should be extended to local governments on both the expenditure and revenue sides. The central government should be involved neither in decisions on the services that local governments should supply, nor in their planning and management.

Exports and Imports --- Public Finance --- Health Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- Analysis of Health Care Markets --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Health: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Public finance & taxation --- Health systems & services --- Health economics --- International economics --- Health care spending --- Health care --- Expenditure --- Health --- Arrears --- External debt --- Expenditures, Public --- Medical care --- Debts, External --- Italy

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The statistical data on gross domestic product, consumer price index, financial operations of the central government, central government revenue and expenditure, monetary survey, summary accounts of the central bank, summary accounts of deposit money banks, sectoral distribution of credit, quarterly distribution of credit by sector and maturity, and structure of interest rates of Guinea are presented in this paper. The data on balance of payments, composition of merchandise exports, direction of trade, external public debt, and related economic indices are also presented.

Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Public Finance --- Trade: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- International economics --- Banking --- Public finance & taxation --- Exports --- Imports --- External debt --- Public debt --- International trade --- Current spending --- Expenditure --- Banks and banking --- Debts, External --- Debts, Public --- Expenditures, Public --- Guinea

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Poland is placed high among the most successful transition economies owing to its strong macroeconomic and structural policies. Executive Directors commended this development, and stressed the need to maintain monetary and fiscal policies. They appreciated the tax and pension systems, banking supervision and regulatory framework, and industrial restructuring and privatization. They welcomed the policymakers' focus on ensuring progress toward membership in the European Union accession. They agreed that the country's statistical base is adequate for surveillance, and encouraged the authorities to improve the quality of macroeconomic data.

Exports and Imports --- Inflation --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Monetary Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- International economics --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Current account deficits --- Inflation targeting --- Expenditure --- External debt --- Balance of payments --- Prices --- Monetary policy --- Expenditures, Public --- Debts, External --- Poland, Republic of

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São Tomé and Príncipe is a small, island country with some 138,000 inhabitants; its resources are limited, and its GDP per capita is estimated at about US$295 (1998). The economy is heavily dependent on cocoa, which accounts for 96 percent of export goods. The country has liberalized the economy and reduced the role of government in productive activities in the 1990s. The government has successfully implemented a staff-monitored program in 1998–99 that has turned around the primary budget balance from a deficit to a surplus, reduced inflation, and has helped improve real GDP growth.

Exports and Imports --- Financial Risk Management --- Foreign Exchange --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Taxation --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Trade: General --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Monetary economics --- Finance --- Debt service --- Debt relief --- Arrears --- Exchange rates --- Tariffs --- External debt --- Asset and liability management --- Taxes --- Debts, External --- Tariff --- Banks and banking --- Money --- Guinea

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Macroeconomic developments have been very favorable since early 1999, strengthening in important areas lately. Real GDP has more than recovered from the recession that followed the 1998 crisis and the recovery is gaining momentum, with recent data suggesting that real GDP is growing at an annual rate of 6–7 percent. The strong macroeconomic performance reflects mainly the large real ruble depreciation in 1998, but also the increase in oil prices in world markets and a significant strengthening of fiscal and monetary policies.

Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Fiscal Policy --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Banking --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Correspondent banking --- Expenditure --- External debt --- Commercial banks --- Correspondent banks --- Banks and banking --- Expenditures, Public --- Debts, External --- Fiscal policy --- Portugal